Volume V No. 11

A publication of the National Association of Theatre Owners

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Ramis On ‘Ice’
The Comic Mind Behind‘ Animal House,’ ‘Caddyshack,’ ‘Stripes,’ ‘Ghostbusters,’ ‘Groundhog Day’ and ‘Analyze This’ Fires Off A Laugh Noir,
by M.E. Russell

Read the print version here.

Is filmmaker Harold Ramis about to re-invent himself again? The 60-year-old writer/director/actor has one of the most storied resumes in Hollywood comedy. He made his name in the ’70s and early ’80s working as a writer, director, and/or actor on what he now calls his “institutional comedies” — “National Lampoon’s Animal House,” “Caddyshack,” “Stripes,” “National Lampoon’s Vacation.”

And then, after co-writing and co-starring in the two “Ghostbusters” films, he re-invented himself as a sort of metaphysical jester.

“When you’re young, you can play around,” he says today. “You can take a sketch idea and, if you can stretch it into ‘Anchorman,’ great. But I feel like I’ve done that. And the Big Ideas are so tantalizing. I find that entertaining.”

And so Ramis started making funny movies that grappled with the Big Ideas. He stuffed what he calls his “madcap redemption comedies” with psychoanalysis (“Analyze This”), existentialism (“Multiplicity”) and even mythology (“Groundhog Day,” arguably his and frequent collaborator Bill Murray’s mutual masterpiece).

And now, with “The Ice Harvest,” he’s changing his tone yet again.

The film — written by the formidable duo of Robert Benton and Richard Russo (the pair collaborated on “Twilight,” and Benton won Academy Awards for his screenplays for “Kramer vs. Kramer” and “Places in the Heart”), and set for a Thanksgiving release — is a dark crime comedy about a corrupt lawyer (John Cusack) and his nasty mentor (Billy Bob Thornton) as they attempt a Christmas Eve heist in Wichita, Kan.

“The Ice Harvest’ doesn’t fit into anything I’ve done before,” says Ramis. “I use the phrase ‘retro film noir’ to describe it. It’s very faithful to its generic antecedents — I’ve never done a piece that stylish — but it’s not an homage to anything. I was flipping through a book of lurid Italian films, and there are phrases in this film that look like those sort of over-saturated, melodramatic film posters. It’s cool-lookin’.

“And Russo and Benton are so smart — the script is infused with all sorts of mature wisdom, even though the characters are on the slide morally.”

In Focus talked with Ramis for almost an hour about a little bit of everything — “The Ice Harvest,” “Caddyshack,” the eccentricities of Billy Bob Thornton, the never-to-be-filmed plot of “Ghostbusters 3,” Ramis’ days as a psych-ward orderly, musical nakedness at Hef’s mansion, and much, much more. A transcript follows.

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‘THE LUMP OF COAL’

After a long career making big-budget studio comedies, why did you make “Ice Harvest” in a smaller, more indie vein?
Well, I never made big films to make big films; the scale’s been appropriate to the content. And “Ice Harvest” didn’t need to be big — 40 days of shooting was plenty.

People usually make their financial deals in inverse proportion to their desire to do the project, ironically — the more they hate the material, the more you have to pay them. In this case, everyone loved the material, so we were able to save a ton of money. And Focus Features put a cap on it, and we were able to get under it in Illinois — my goal was to shoot a film where I live.

But you know, if someone had said, “You have to do this film for under $40 million,” I would have said, “Okay,” and spent $39 million.

You’ve said you’re a fan of crime movies. Can you cite your favorites?
Well, I really like the Coen Brothers films — the darker, the better. I love Billy Bob in “The Man who Wasn’t There”; I’m a really big fan of “Fargo” and “Blood Simple.” They really understand the human side of larceny.

Most Hollywood films have it pretty black-and-white — there are bad guys and there are good guys, and sometimes the good guys, you know, they’re good bad guys, and their hearts are made of gold…. But Richard Russo and Robert Benton, the writers of our script, understand that we’re all seriously flawed. We all suffer through life, and some of us make better choices than others. I guess that’s the essence of film noir — recognition of existential realities.

Many of my personal-favorite crime movies contain a ton of laughs: “The Big Sleep,” everything Tarantino’s done, the Coen Brothers, obviously, certain David Mamet scripts….
I find myself laughing at “Goodfellas” — and often at some of the most painful things. It’s always the irony you’re laughing at.

Now that you’ve made “Ice Harvest,” do you have any new insights on the relationship between comedy and crime? With “Ghostbusters,” you’d already explored the relationship between comedy and horror….
Well, for me, it’s the relationship between comedy and life — that’s the edge I live on, and maybe it’s my protection against looking at the tragedy of it all. [laughs] It’s seeing life in balance. Comedy and tragedy co-exist. You can’t have one without the other. I’m of the school that anything can be funny, if seen from a comedic point of view.

You’ve talked about comedy as a stealthy vehicle for ideas — you can sneak so much under the radar.
I talk to students about cultural literacy and media literacy and critical thinking. Everything we see has some hidden message. A lot of awful messages are coming in under the radar — subliminal consumer messages, all kinds of politically incorrect messages….

You’ve described your later comedies — particularly your informal trilogy of “Groundhog Day,” “Multiplicity” and “Stuart Saves His Family” — as “madcap redemption comedies.” Is “Ice Harvest” going to make that a quadrilogy?
No. Describing my own career, I’ve broken it up into “institutional comedies” that were kind of broad social satires, and then these films of consciousness — the “redemption films.” But “Ice Harvest,” it’s like a style piece, almost. I think it has its own distinctive look.

Did you come aboard the project subsequent to Benton and Russo’s hiring?
Oh, yeah. They’d written the script years ago for Benton to direct — and then Benton didn’t want to work under the budget constraints; that’s how I understand it. And then another director, Dean Parisot, had only a short window to cast the movie, and he couldn’t get it cast. So the script got circulated again — and I, as a reluctant writer/director, am always looking for a script that’s so well-written that I don’t have to do any work on it. And this was the one.

You’ve talked in the past about doing extra work on scripts once you get a hold of them. You didn’t do much to this one?
No. Just a few touches. Ultimately, we re-framed the ending of the film — but that was sort of done with the actors….

Given that this is a “cynical Christmas movie,” and given the cast, was Thornton’s “Bad Santa” ever a source of discussion?
Certainly — but it’s almost more from a marketing point of view. We weren’t thinking “Bad Santa” when we made the film, but I’d seen “Bad Santa” and really liked it; in fact, I read “Bad Santa” when it was going around, when people talked about Bill Murray as the “Bad Santa” character. But our film is nothing like it.

When we finished “Ice Harvest” and finally tested it, the numbers were so encouraging that the studio moved us from a spring release — which, you know, is iffy; that was thinking of us as a small movie for a limited audience — to the day before Thanksgiving. They said, “Wow! We could take the ‘Bad Santa’ slot!”

[laughs] It’s amazing to me, given that film, that it’s now considered a “slot.”
Well, it’s counter-programming. I describe this film as the lump of coal in everyone’s Christmas stocking.

You've talked about "mystery laughs" — the audience reactions you didn't predict while you were making the film. What were the mystery laughs in “Ice Harvest”?
People really liked everything that I thought they were gonna like. Sometimes I’m the mystery laugher when I see a film — when something strikes me as so cynical or weird that there couldn’t be more than a handful of people who are gonna see it. That’s not a function of intelligence — it’s a function of being sick enough or warped enough. But this film is so warped.…

You've talked about the importance of "finding themes and ideas that are worth spending three years on." What are the themes in “Ice Harvest”? And does that sense of urgency to explore important themes increase as you get older?
It doesn’t increase as a function of urgency — like I’m on a messianic mission to save the world. It’s just that my own interests have devolved to the Big Ideas.

Applied to “Ice Harvest,” for instance: I’ve been thinking a lot over the last several years about existentialism, existential psychology and its relationship to Buddhism and its relationship to religion in general and to ethics and morality….

Remember Professor Irwin Corey? He was a comedian who played a mad professor — that was his persona as a comedian. He gave lectures. He must be almost 90 years old. I heard him speak a few weeks ago, and he said, “If God exists, then anything is possible. If God doesn’t exist, then everything is permissible.” In a way, that’s at the heart of “The Ice Harvest” — because these are characters who are clearly on the existential slide; life has very little meaning for them.

We used to open the film with a flashback of John and Billy Bob on barstools. It’s been cut from the script, but this was a line suggested by Hampton Fancher, who wrote “Blade Runner” and is a friend of the producer, Ron Yerxa: Billy Bob said to John, “If you are what you do, and you never do anything, then what the fuck are you?” And then John says, “So what do you want to do?” And Billy Bob says, “I don’t know.” And so they hatch the plan to commit the crime. It’s like a joke setup: “Two guys are sitting in a bar….”

But John takes the bait, so the movie shows what happens when you make choices without any kind of moral compass — with no connection to anything and no values of any kind. You see that John Cusack’s character had a nice, middle-class family — but he’s abandoned his family values. He’s a corrupt lawyer. It’s cool.

You've spoken movingly about the substance-related deaths of your colleagues John Belushi and Doug Kenney, plus your own struggles with substance abuse. What did it bring to the scenes you directed with Oliver Platt's alcoholic character, Pete?
Well, I never had a problem with alcoholism — of all the things, that was never my issue — but I knew some really outstanding alcoholics. [laughs] But my first concern was as a director, from a purely technical point of view. People always say if you’re gonna play drunk, you play against it. But Oliver didn’t. And just as I was about to lay that platitude on him, I thought, “Why would I say that? He’s so funny.” So I realized: Forget the rules. What works, works.

It’s not like the film celebrates the shortcomings of its main characters — we’re watching very weak, morally confused people make all the wrong choices. And Oliver’s one of them. He’s actually a big source of redemption in the film.

You've said about your directorial style: "If I can't convince you that I am right, then I don't expect you to do what I say."
It’s kind of a function of a character weakness of mine, which is that I don’t like conflict — I don’t like confrontation.

You picked a great career for that. [laughs]
I’m at my best when I’m working with really talented people, and I’m there to gently suggest or guide or inspire or contribute whatever I can to their effort. It’s not like I’m gonna tell Robert DeNiro how to act — but I could provide him with useful anecdotal material from my own life or other people I’ve known, or actual psychological information, or insights into his character. The technique’s up to him.

But there are ways to gently urge an actor to pick up the pace or slow it down or focus more, to go bigger or smaller. Some actors are very open right at the beginning — they say, “You only need four words with me: ‘Bigger, smaller, faster, slower.’”

The George Lucas directorial technique: “Faster. More intense.”
My parody of Ivan Reitman directing “Ghostbusters”: “Look scared” and “Look more scared.”

 

GHOSTBUSTERS 3: GHOSTBUSTERS GO TO HELL

My editor is begging me to ask you three questions about “Ghostbusters 3.”
The non-existent film?

Yes. He would like to know about the non-existent film. My understanding is that it would have sent Peter, Ray and Egon to Hell.
Yes. “Ghostbusters go to Hell” was Danny Aykroyd’s concept for it.

What was your favorite scene from that script that we'll likely never see?
Well, we never really got down to an actual scenario. We had a story. Part of the fun of “Ghostbusters” was developing some kind of lamebrained scientific explanation for what was going on, and I take credit for this:

What Danny had originally conceived was sending us to a special-effects Hell — a netherworld full of phenomenal visual environments and boiling pits and all that stuff.

He does tend to think big when he’s writing these, doesn’t he?
Oh, he’s amazing. [laughs] But my thought was that what works so well about the first two is the mundane-ness of it all. So my notion was that Hell exists simultaneously, and in the same place as our consensus reality. But it’s like a film shutter — it’s the darkness between the 24 frames. When we’re blinking on, they’re off — so we blink alternately with this other reality, which is Hell.

So all the Ghostbusters would need to do [to go to Hell] is take themselves “out of phase” one beat. And we create a device to do it, and it’s in a warehouse in Brooklyn. And when we step out of the chamber, it looks just like New York — but it’s Hell. Everything’s gridlocked — no cars are moving, no vehicles are moving, and all the drivers are swearing at each other in different foreign languages. No two people speak the same language. It’s all the worst things about modern urban life, just magnified.

And Heaven was across the George Washington Bridge in New Jersey — which was irony. The Ghostbusters had to make this journey from lower Manhattan to the George Washington Bridge.

It sort of makes me sad that I’m not gonna see that.
Yeah. There was a good structure — because some of us were in Hell, while some of us were in the real world, tracking our journey through Hell. We had new Ghostbusters and old Ghostbusters.

I’ve read that you had a next-gen cast in mind. If you were casting those roles today, who would play the younger Ghostbusters?
Well, we had Chris Farley as one of them, Ben Stiller as one of them…. It was a while ago.

 

NEXT-GEN HOMAGE and a MADHOUSE MEMOIR

The next generation of smart movie comics is paying a very conscious homage to you.
I know.

I mean, there’s a scene set to “Shout” by Otis Day and the Knights in “Wedding Crashers.”
I’ve heard ’em say this stuff. In fact, I’m going to the Austin Film Festival, and Judd Apatow is interviewing me in front of an audience. But those guys, they grew up on that stuff, so I understand it. I’m at the same agency that they all are, and I’ve been developing a film for Owen Wilson.

Is it the autobiographical project you've spoken of in the past — the one set in 1967?
No. Here’s what the 1967 film is about: The year I graduated from college, in the summer of ’66, I tried grad school very briefly. It didn’t work out. And the only jobs available through the student employment service were a collection agent in a very poor neighborhood — which I thought would be horrible — and working as an attendant in a locked psychiatric ward. So I worked seven months in the psych ward at a Jewish hospital, and had some amazing experiences. I was 21, and the war was going on…. There’s some funny things in it, but it’s not like a madhouse comedy. I’ve described it in my pitch as “Cuckoo’s Nest” meets “The Graduate.” [laughs]

I’ve never seen a film from the staff point of view set in any kind of mental-health facility, so I thought that would be interesting. I wrote it from memory, so it has the feeling of a memoir. I didn’t really realize what it was about until I’d written it, and then I realized it was about the nature of suffering on a personal level, a social level and a global level — the Vietnam War kind of being played out on a grand scale while people were really in the depths of despair. And my character’s trying to figure out his relationship to suffering.

Would the character be under the threat of the draft? Would he be protesting Vietnam?
Yeah. I was very draftable. One of the last scenes is me going through the physical and deciding if I was going to join it or oppose it. I opposed it, but without honor. [laughs]

You've joked that working in a mental ward "prepared you to work with actors" — but I think you could make the case that the booby hatch informs the sensibilities of a lot of your comedies. People who might be regarded as "insane" (or at least people who challenge "sane" institutions) are almost invariably the heroes of your pieces — from "Animal House" right through "Groundhog Day" and "Stuart Saves His Family." Do you consider your time in the psych ward formative?
Well, Rodney Dangerfield used to say that the only normal people are people we don’t know that well. We’re all screwed-up in some way — dysfunction is the rule, not the exception.

I make real distinctions in my life between real pathology and the ordinary struggles most of us go through. And because of the films I’ve made and my own interests and my own psychotherapy, I’m on the board for the Institute for Psychoanalysis in Chicago, and I’ve spoken to that group — so I’m very respectful of the science of psychology. And I’ve known people in my life who were probably diagnosable — who should have been medicated or were self-medicating or were really struggling with some big issues.

I also worked in a public school in ’68, in the poorest, most crowded square mile in the United States, the Robert Taylor Homes in Chicago. I was teaching when Martin Luther King was killed, so it was an amazing time to be down there, but I wouldn’t say it was a good time.

Both jobs [teaching and the psych ward] forced me to look at everyone as individual, to really be present, to deal with what was really going on, and to jettison my expectations of what “normal” behavior is, to try to understand what I was seeing, and to frame reactions to it that would not contribute to the chaos or conflict — that could possibly even be healing or therapeutic. That’s kind of my approach to everything and everyone. It’s become my whole orientation.

 

THE RUDE BOYS OF ‘CADDYSHACK’

I just re-watched "Caddyshack,” and that movie’s really interesting because of the sheer number of comedic styles it mixes. You’ve got the new guard — Chevy Chase and Bill Murray — and total Borscht Belt comics in Rodney Dangerfeld and Ted Knight. What's the trick to juggling all those styles in one film?
People asked me the same thing when I was doing “Analyze This” — “How could you possibly reconcile the styles of Billy Crystal and Robert DeNiro?” And my response was that I didn’t intend to reconcile them — the comedy came from their differences.

It’s the same thing in “Caddyshack.” Those four unlikely characters — Bill and Chevy and Rodney and Ted — they’re each in their own world, as people and as characters. I used the Marx Brothers as a model for “Caddyshack.” Each of the individual Marx Brothers had a really unique orientation — I mean, they never played brothers, save for Harpo and Chico sometimes….

Have you reflected on why, even though “Caddyshack” is now revered, it didn't it make more of a splash at the time?
No. The studio can make any kind of splash it wants — just throw money at publicity and advertising, and people will talk about it. And it did fine. But I think the critics were gunning for us a little bit: They thought we were just gonna keep slavishly doing “Animal House.” And while there are obvious connections — rebels and outsiders going up against big institutions with traditional values — we weren’t trying to do “Animal House” again. We thought each institution had its own unique set of rules and characters.

But “Caddyshack” was not embraced. We had a very rocky publicity junket.

I can’t even imagine that mix of actors together on a podium, talking together.
They were terrible. No two of them spoke the same language, and they were rude to the press. Someone came away writing, “If this is the New Hollywood, let’s have the Old Hollywood back.” The New York Times called it “an amiable mess.” But the film obviously has values that transcended whatever people thought about it when it first came out.

Chris Rock riffed for this magazine on how comedy is harder than drama — that you can get an "A for effort" in drama that you aren't afforded in comedy.
Yeah. On the other hand, it amazes me what people will laugh at. Sometimes comedians just say that: If we did drama, we’d say drama’s much harder.

[laughs] Fair enough.
People who do it do it because they like it — not because it’s easier or harder. Right around the time of the first “Ghostbusters,” some other comic actor had been in a drama — I forget who it was — and Bill Murray said, “I could cry in a movie, you know, but I’m not gonna do it. Why would I do it?”

 

THE TALENTED ECCENTRICS: MURRAY, THORNTON, AYKROYD

You've said you enjoy working with big personalities — certainly, you've had a workout with Mr. Murray over the years. I'm dying to know how Billy Bob Thornton was larger-than-life on the set of “Ice Harvest.”
Billy Bob was great. He was —

— afraid of water —
— well, yeah, afraid of water [laughs], but we worked that out. I promised him he’d never be in water much deeper than his waist. And we made sure that when he was in water in the movie, the water was warm and indoors, in a backyard pool….

You know, he’s open about the quirks of his personality. He hides nothing. And he’s so totally amiable — at least to us, he was. I said to his assistant at one point, “Am I wrong, or is Billy Bob just dedicated to having as good a time as he possibly can wherever he is?” And she said, “No, that’s about right.”

I think he wants to do well as an actor, and he’s good at what he does; I don’t think he would admit how important it is to him that he’s a good actor. He’d rather convince us that he’s havin’ a great time, and acting is easy and trivial. On the set every day, he would re-introduce himself by saying, “Hi, I’m Billy Bob Thornton, international screen star.” He’s just havin’ fun with it, you know?

Your old collaborator Bernie Sahlins of Second City said, "Work from the top of your intelligence." What did that mean for you?
It means a couple of things. One is level of reference — any character can know anything. I believe that using real information is a good thing, even in a comedy; it has the possibility of educating the audience. All that elevated technical talk in “Ghostbusters”? Some of it has origins in real history or science.

Oh, sure. Aykroyd was big into that whole ’70s era, when they were publishing “Chariots of the Gods” and stuff like that.
Yeah, I read all that. [laughs] He and I hit it off because I’ve read a bunch of that stuff. I’m not a big believer in a lot of things, but I loved “Earth in Upheaval,” “Worlds in Collision” — big theories.

That was a fun time to be alive — it was like you lived in a world where you could believe there was a Loch Ness Monster and believe there was a Sasquatch…
[laughs] Well, I was married to someone who was willing to believe everything — that there was a portal in the Earth’s crust and a civilization living beneath us … so I kind of escorted her on her investigations. And I had a lot of fun. It gave me this reference material for what Danny was talking about.

Bill used to play a character we called “The Hawker” — he was a street guy. And it was the voice he used as Carl Spackler. And Carl Spackler, he can know anything, as far as level of reference goes. That’s one aspect of “playing from the top of your intelligence” — to use real information. There’s no reason to make stuff up when we have a culture and history and science and art, and all that to draw from, so why not use it?

And to me, “working from the top of your intelligence” also means raising your aspirational level. If you’re gonna communicate with an audience, why not try to impart a sophisticated worldview or a sophisticated view of human behavior — the most intelligent view you can come up with? If you take any idea, even if it’s generic, there’s no point in aiming it at 12-year-olds. Working from the top of your intelligence kind of assumes that even a 12-year-old is smarter than you’re giving him credit for. So that’s sort of what it means to me: aspiration and reference.

You once mentioned that Bill Murray improvised all his material in "Caddyshack" — except for one scripted speech. Was it the speech about caddying for the Dalai Lama?
That was in the script — but he embellished it with things that no one else could ever have thought of.

I would imagine he’s a lot like DeNiro, in that he’s bringing a lot of material there that he’s not really telling you about.
He’s really verbal. DeNiro’s not verbal. Bob improvises emotion and mood — but he doesn’t have the language that Bill has. Bill has an amazing command of that, and imagination to spare.

I’ve heard that caused some tension on “Mad Dog and Glory,” actually.
Well, I think that had more to do with Bill’s personal habits.

 

IN PRAISE OF CHICAGO (and the NAKED CAST OF ‘HAIR’)

What was it like to see "Groundhog Day" remade in Italian?
I didn’t see it. I hope it was good.

[laughs] I hope so, too. You could have started a global franchise with the message of that film….
Now, you had an association with
Playboy magazine back when it was culturally important, with fantastic interviews. What's your fondest memory of working for Hef?
I always tell people about the perfect late-’60s moment: I was at the Mansion at a party — this was back when the Mansion was still in Chicago — and I went down into the basement swimming pool, and the entire cast of “Hair” was naked in the pool, singing “Let the Sunshine In.”

You and John Hughes are fellow Chicago-obsessed filmmakers — and there are certainly some ways that your sensibilities dovetail. Does Chicago produce a certain kind of filmmaker?
Uh, John may have grown up in Cleveland for all I know — but I think there’s a Midwestern sensibility. Doug Kenney grew up in Chagrin Falls, Ohio…. Before “Animal House,” we got touted off doing a treatment for a high-school film — and one of Doug’s favorite images was kids in Ohio trying to surf on a lake. Growing up in the Midwest, he and I shared this feeling that New York and L.A. represented a kind of polarity — that if you were in the middle, you were nowhere.

I think that feeling has even been amplified in recent years.
Chicago still remains a Mecca of the Midwest — people from both coasts are kind of amazed how good life is in Chicago, and what a good culture we’ve got. You can have a pretty wonderful artistic life and never leave Chicago.

Mr. Cusack’s from Chicago, right?
All the Cusacks.

It strikes me that John Cusack has a very Second City comedy sensibility.
We’d been talking for years about doing something together. In fact, I have a discarded … what do they call those scenes on the DVD that aren’t in the movie?

Deleted scenes?
Yeah, that’s better than “discarded”…. I have a deleted scene where I play his father in “High Fidelity.” I think that was like the first day of shooting.

You keep your offices far, far away from Hollywood.
Yeah. I moved back here [to Illinois] nine years ago.

When everyone's declaring you a national comic icon, how do you keep your ego and priorities in check? How do you maintain the perspective that keeps comedy sharp?
I don’t think my wife does think I keep my ego in check. [laughs] You know, no matter what I hear about my old stuff, unless I wanted to retire now, I still have to face the reality that this stuff’s hard to do — and that’s very humbling. No matter what you’ve done in the past, every time you sit down to write something new or embark on a new project, it’s like you’re starting over — you don’t know anything.

But you’ve had a longer career than a lot of your peers in comedy. Comedy careers often seem to have shelf lives that yours has transcended.
Yeah, but you look at guys like Carl Reiner, Larry Gelbart, Mel Brooks — they’re still doing it. My father’s 90, with all his mental faculties; I might just be maturing late.  

 

 

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